COMPARISON OF METHODS OF MODELING GINGIVAL RECESSION IN LABORATORY ANIMALS

Abstract

Introduction. Gingival recession is a common problem characterized by atrophic changes in the periodontium and apical displacement of the marginal gingiva. This pathology occurs in a significant proportion of the adult population and often causes not only an aesthetic defect, but also hypersensitivity at the neck of the tooth. The causes include anatomical features, pathological conditions and iatrogenic factors. The aim of the study is to study and compare various methods of modeling gingival recession in laboratory animals, as well as their effectiveness for the development of new methods and materials for treatment. Search Strategy. Publications on modeling gingival recession in the Medline / PubMed, Cochrane library, Web of Science, eLibrary databases were selected for the study. The following parameters were considered when selecting studies: study design, type of laboratory animal, localization of the recession (maxilla or mandible), tooth group, technique and complexity of modeling, timing of recession formation, and morphological characteristics of the resulting defect. Experimental studies were included if they provided a clear description of the methods used to induce gingival recession in dogs, pigs, rats, rabbits, or macaques. Both mechanical methods (bone tissue excision, ligature placement) and chemical approaches were considered. An important inclusion criterion was the availability of objective data on the size of the recession, the time required for its formation, and the morphological changes in the tissues. Studies focusing exclusively on inflammatory periodontal diseases, in which recession developed without artificial modeling, were excluded. Clinical studies, case reports, review articles without original data, and publications in languages other than English and Russian were also not considered. Results. Various methods of modeling gingival recession were studied, including mechanical removal of bone tissue, impact on the circular ligament of the periodontium, as well as the use of ligatures and fixing materials. Experiments were conducted on pigs, dogs and rats with different results in terms of the size and localization of the recession. Conclusions. The creation of an adequate experimental model of gingival recession is an important step for the further development of safe and effective treatment methods. Modeling recession on animals allows optimizing methods and materials for clinical use, but questions remain about the standardization of these models.